The Journal of the Hotel and Catering Institute, Vol. 9, No. 4. The article recounts the LEO story and includes an interview with Ralph Land about computers and the hotel business.
Quest, M. (1962) Living with Computers, Read More »
The Journal of the Hotel and Catering Institute, Vol. 9, No. 4. The article recounts the LEO story and includes an interview with Ralph Land about computers and the hotel business.
Quest, M. (1962) Living with Computers, Read More »
The Accountant, September 19th.
Randall, G.A. (1959) The Potentialities of a Computer in the Smaller Office Read More »
Reynolds, C. (1990) CODIL: The Architecture of an Information Language, Read More »
with Anthony Salmon, John Simmons and John Stevens, NAHC/LEO, A7 see http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/html/gb133nahc-leo-p1.shtml
.Richardson, D.J. (1974) LEO Computers, a draft account based on interviews. Read More »
Richardson, M. (1964), User’s experience of CLEO. An analysis carried out by Richardson of the Board of Trade, Central Office, Lime Grove, Eastcote, Ruislip, Middlesex, of the use of CLEO. The analysis refers to an article in Volume 5, Issue 3, November 1962 of the Computer Journal by T.R. Thompson entitled Fundamental Principles for expressing a procedure for a computer application.
User’s experience of CLEO – By M. Richardson*
The Board of Trade Census Office has used CLEO for preparing Annual Inquiry registers, and issuing and processing the 1963 returns. We have also used CLEO for a register of new companies and are now in course of applying it to all new jobs. Comments made here relate to the first seven programs written, which were analysed in some detail.
The first CLEO compiler did not become available until the end of 1963 and is still not on general release
1. General comments (a) Adequacy
So far CLEO has covered all our programming requirements since these needed only integer arithmetic. It has not been found necessary to enter the lower language,
i.e. Intercode.
The major extension of facilities to floating-point values, etc., will cover all future requirements; there will be no need to know Intercode.
Facilities are to be extended to cover function calls and floating-point working within the next three months. In general, most of the features mentioned in T. R. Thompson’s paper in this Journal have been included in the system or will be included very shortly. At present the major limitation is on editing values for printing; this has been covered by a CLEO subroutine.
(b) Ease of learning, etc.
The CLEO conversion course provided for the first team of Intercode programmers occupied one and half days. There is no doubt that CLEO is easy to learn and with the compiler checks provided it is easy to use correctly.
(c) Debugging
Amendments are very simple to make in CLEO. The trials data system now being provided is even simpler than the Intercode system. It was difficult to locate logical errors in Intercode, but it is easy to do this in CLEO. Desk checking becomes more effective.
(d) Compiler problems
Only one minor imperfection appeared in the first version; this is now being put right.
2. Satisfactory features
The following table gives some idea of the reduction in programming time made possible by CLEO.
RELATIVE PROGRAMMING EFFORT (TIME UNITS)
INTERCODE CLEO
Flow charting 10 0
Coding time 55 10
Data description 10 2
Checking 10 2
Proving 15 2
Board of Trade, Census Office, Lime Grove, Eastcote, Ruislip, Middlesex
Richardson, M. (1964), User’s experience of CLEO. Read More »
IT Now, Autumn, entry for year 2001, notes 50th anniversary of first LEO job with picture of John Pinkerton and picture of W.D.& H.O. Wills LEO II installation.
Waitrose Weekend, page 7, October 31st issue. From penniless immigrants to industrial titans, the story of the family behind the famous teashops is told by one of their descendants, Thomas Harding, in his new book ‘Legacy’. The article documents the company’s highs and lows in 5 thumb-nail texts with photographs illustration episodes in Lyons history. The 1947 episode tells the LEO story and includes a photo of LEO I with a female operator. The link below is broken as it appears point to local file
Ryder, A., (2019), Lyons: Pride before a fall Read More »